Introduction stratigraphy

Stratigraphy, a branch of geology, studies rock layers and layering (stratification). Stratigraphy, from Latin stratum + Greek graphia, is the description of all rock bodies forming the Earth's crust and their organization into distinctive, useful, mappable units based on their inherent properties or attributes in order to establish their distribution and relationship in space and their succession in time, and to interpret geologic history. Stratum (plural=strata) is layer of rock characterized by particular lithologic properties and attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers.

History of stratigraphy begin by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) with studied rock layer and wrote The Book of Healing in 1027. He was the first to outline the law of superposition of strata:^[1] "It is also possible that the sea may have happened to flow little by little over the land consisting of both plain and mountain, and then have ebbed away from it. ... It is possible that each time the land was exposed by the ebbing of the sea a layer was left, since we see that some mountains appear to have been piled up layer by layer, and it is therefore likely that the clay from which they were formed was itself at one time arranged in layers. One layer was formed first, then at a different period, a further was formed and piled, upon the first, and so on. Over each layer there spread a substance of differenti material, which formed a partition between it and the next layer; but when petrification took place something occurred to the partition which caused it to break up and disintegrate from between the layers (possibly referring to unconformity). ... As to the beginning of the sea, its clay is either sedimentary or primeval, the latter not being sedimentary. It is probable that the sedimantary clay was formed by the disintegration of the strata of mountains. Such is the formation of mountains."

The theoretical basis for the subject was established by Nicholas Steno who re-introduced the law of superposition and introduced the principle of original horizontality and principle of lateral continuity in a 1669 work on the fossilization of organic remains in layers of sediment.

The first practical large scale application of stratigraphy was by William Smith in the 1790s and early 1800s. Smith, known as the Father of English Geology, created the first geologic map of England, and first recognized the significance of strata or rock layering, and the importance of fossil markers for correlating strata. Another influential application of stratigraphy in the early 1800s was a study by Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart of the geology of the region around Paris.

In the stratigraphy you can find term of

- Stratigraphic classification. The systematic organization of the Earth's rock bodies, as they are found in their original relationships, into units based on any of the properties or attributes that may be useful in stratigraphic work.

- Stratigraphic unit. A body of rock established as a distinct entity in the classification of the Earth's rocks, based on any of the properties or attributes or combinations thereof that rocks possess. Stratigraphic units based on one property will not necessarily coincide with those based on another.

- Stratigraphic terminology. The total of unit-terms used in stratigraphic classification.It may be either formal or informal.

- Stratigraphic nomenclature. The system of proper names given to specific stratigraphic units.

- Zone.Minor body of rock in many different categories of stratigraphic classification. The type of zone indicated is made clear by a prefix, e.g., lithozone, biozone, chronozone.

- Horizon. An interface indicative of a particular position in a stratigraphic sequence. The type of horizon is indicated by a prefix, e.g., lithohorizon, biohorizon, chronohorizon.

- Correlation. A demonstration of correspondence in character and/or stratigraphic position. The type of correlation is indicated by a prefix, e.g., lithocorrelation, biocorrelation, chronocorrelation.

- Geochronology. The science of dating and determining the time sequence of the events in the history of the Earth.

- Geochronologic unit. A subdivision of geologic time.

- Geochronometry. A branch of geochronology that deals with the quantitative (numerical)measurement of geologic time. The abbreviations ka for thousand (103), Ma for million (106), and Ga for billion (milliard of thousand million, 109) years are used.

- Facies. The term "facies" originally meant the lateral change in lithologic aspect of a stratigraphic unit. Its meaning has been broadened to express a wide range of geologic concepts: environment of deposition, lithologic composition, geographic, climatic or tectonic association, etc.

- Caution against preempting general terms for special meanings. The preempting of general terms for special restricted meanings has been a source of much confusion.

INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER USING MODIS AQUA IMAGES

Convention Bandung 2004 (CB2004) The 33^rd Annual Convention & Exhibition 2004

Indonesian Association of Geologist Horizon Hotel, 29-30 Nov, 1 Oct 2004, Bandung

INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED
PARTICULATE MATTER USING MODIS
AQUA IMAGES

 

A fiat Anugrahadi^a and Nani Hendiarti^b

^aDepartment of Geological Engineering /Center of Mineral Resources and Marine Coastal
Management Studies, FTM, University of Trisakti, Kyai Tapa 1, Jakarta 11440. Email:
afiatanu@yaho.com
^bAgency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta
10340. Email : hendiarti@webmail.bppt.go.id

Abstract

Geological processes which are continuously occured for long time are agradation as a development characteristic and degradation as destructive. This process has been continued until now. Agradation is not always advantage for human living but often disadvantage esspecially on the coastal and marine region. For example superviciality of downstreams and harbour, and making turbid, that are disadvantage of recent sedimentation.Suspended sediment is inorganic matter originated from coastal discharge of river, wet­land, coastal and bottom sea abration, and than human activity. Coastal discharge distributed by wind and surface current. The surface pattern of the discharged water can be recognized from the satellite ocean color images such as SeaWiFS dan MODIS Aqua. The discharged water which is dominated by inorganic particulate matter can be identified by increasing the energy values in the long visible wavelength range. This wavelength range is in between 510nm and 550nm. The results obtained from the investigation of suspended particulate matter using ocean color MODIS Aqua images show that high concentration of organic matter is founded in East Sumatra of Java Sea and spread to Seribu Islands in North of West Java forced by the west winds during the second week of Mei 2004. The distribution of the material was observed until 3.5 miles in north of Jakarta bay and its spread also along north Java coast. This fenomena is occured in the period of thousand fish killed in this region.

The conclusion is that remote sensing can be used for mapping coastal discharge in spatial with sufficiently and continuously. Moreover, spectral analysis can produced the information of the composition and concentration of organic and inorganic matter in the waters near surface. These information is useful for monitoring the environmental changes and for early warning system of environment disarter.

SUSPENSION AND SEDIMENT SURROUNDING OF NORTHERN PART WATER OF SULAWESI UTARA

Convention Bandung 2004 (CB2004) The 33^rd Annual Convention & Exhibition 2004

Indonesian Association of Geologist Horizon Hotel, 29-30 Nov, 1 Oct 2004, Bandung

SUSPENSION AND SEDIMENT
SURROUNDING OF NORTHERN PART
WATER OF SULAWESI UTARA

Helfinalis

Research Center For Oceanography LIPI

Abstract

The beach of Kwandang bay generally found mangrove, muddy sand and breccias (rose color), schist In the East and Northwest. The wide of the beach slope more less 25 meters with angel 3-5º .The coastal plain is very narrow and direct connected to the hilly. On the Hill generally have red clay and breccias with black color. In the Gobba found coarse sand with 1-2 meters depth. The corai reef more less 100 metre wide with 1-4 meters depth and the bay with 40- 50 meters depth and content of greenish grey mud. As long as Menado Bay generally has in dam, except in the eastern part. Malalayang beaches content of coarse sand with jetty in T form and for protected the beaches from the waves. The reclamation of the beach saw in the East Menado bay until hundred meters to the east of the Menado port and in front of areas putted the breccias for protected the beach from erosion.

The suspension value on the surface water (2 meters depth) more higher compared with in the middle and bottom. In general, the all suspension value still below the tolerance limit of KLH < 70 mgr/l. On the surface until 40 cm thick of sea sand around Bangkit and Bunaken Islands. On the others of surface seafloor found mixing between gravel, sand, silt and mud.

THE IMPACT OF MERAPI VOLCANICLASTIC DEPOSITIONS INTO YOGYAKARTA ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS

Convention Bandung 2004 (CB2004) The 33^rd Annual Convention & Exhibition 2004

Indonesian Association of Geologist Horizon Hotel, 29-30 Nov, 1 Oct 2004, Bandung

THE IMPACT OF MERAPI
VOLCANICLASTIC DEPOSITIONS INTO
YOGYAKARTA ENVIRONMENTAL
DEVELOPMENTS

Sri Mulyaningsih¹, Sampurno², Yahdi Zaim² and D.J. Puradimaja²

¹Dept. of Geology ISTA and PhD student at Dept. of Geology ITB
²Dept. of Geology ITB

Abstract

Yogyakarta is one of the most densely populated provinces in Indonesia. Very dynamic geological condition have been developed since the presence of Merapi Volcano, northern the city. The developing environmental geology are realizing within flat landscape of Yogyakarta, lens system aquifer geometry and very abundant resources such rock fragments and sand as building materials, fertile soils and ground water. The phenomenon was implementing into its cultivation styles in the building dispersion and their shapes up to a few centuries ago.

Key words: Merapi, Volcaniclastic, depositions, geology, environment and development

IDENTIFICATION OF PYROCLASTIC DEPOSIT TYPES (FLOWS, SURGES AND FALLS) AT MERAPI VOLCANO AND FACTORS INFLUENCE THEIR DISTRIBUTION

Convention Bandung 2004 (CB2004) The 33^rd Annual Convention & Exhibition 2004

Indonesian Association of Geologist Horizon Hotel, 29-30 Nov, 1 Oct 2004, Bandung

IDENTIFICATION OF PYROCLASTIC
DEPOSIT TYPES (FLOWS, SURGES AND
FALLS) AT MERAPI VOLCANO AND
FACTORS INFLUENCE THEIR
DISTRIBUTION

Supriyati D. Andreastuti

Volcano Technology Research Center (BPPTK),
Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation

Abstract

Identification of pyroclastic deposit types (pyroclastic flow, surge and fall) was made in the field using physical characteristics (internal structure, thickness, colour, lithology and mineralogy) and analysed further by grain size analyses. Pyroclastic flow deposits are composed of ash to block sized material, and are depleted in ash (less than 2 %). Pyroclastic surge deposits are dominated by ash material, range from fine to coarse ash, and are fine-ash-enriched (up to 17 %). Pyroclastic fall deposits are characterised by a wide range of grain-sizes from fine ash to lapilli and are generally depleted in fine ash.

Distribution of these deposits was influenced by topographic condition (roughness and orientation) and grain size. In pyroclastic surge, the more irregular the morphology the shorter the travel distance from the source. Perpendicular topography passed by the surge also result in shorter distance than the parallel one. Pattern of prevailing wind and strength of wind condition affects the shape of the dispersal and distribution pattern of fine grained material of pyroclastic fall leading to climate condition of eruption can be suggested.